Mycoplasma
What is Mycoplasma?
Mycoplasma is a unique group of bacteria. They lack a cell wall, which renders them resistant to many common antibiotics. They are the smallest of all bacteria, allowing them to penetrate cells and a variety of tissues, and they are considered obligate parasites because they cannot survive outside of a host. They are capable of causing a wide range of symptoms and infections including pneumonia and genitourinary infections.
There are over 100 species of Mycoplasma, but the most studied is Mycoplasma pneumoniae. This species causes walking pneumonia, and it is easily spread by close contact with infected respiratory droplets. It is assumed that a majority of people have been exposed to Mycoplasma and asymptomatic carriers can be a factor in its spread.
Mycoplasma can also be spread by biting insects like ticks, mosquitos, fleas, and biting flies. When it comes to Mycoplasma as a Lyme co-infection, it isn’t clear whether infection occurs because of concurrent transmission at the time of the tick bite or if the immune dysfunction caused by Lyme bacteria allow the Mycoplasma to grow. Either way, a robust immune system is important in keeping Mycoplasma infections at bay.
In this survey by LymeDisease.org and others, Mycoplasma was reported as a co-infection in 15% of patients surveyed.
What are the symptoms of Mycoplasma?
Symptoms of Mycoplasma infection depend largely on the site of infection, although widespread, systemic infections can occur, especially in immunocompromised people. Symptoms may include:
Joint pain
Muscle pain
Cardiac (myocarditis, endocarditis, pericarditis)
Nervous system (tingling, burning, nerve dysfunction, brain fog)
Immune system (autoimmunity)
Respiratory (cough, bronchitis, pneumonia)
Digestive (gastritis, nausea, leaky gut)
A more complete discussion of symptoms of Mycoplasma infection can be found here.
Mycoplasma infections have been implicated in the development of autoimmune disease, likely the result of chronic immune stimulation and low-grade inflammation. For example, as this article discusses, Mycoplasma and other infections have been associated with rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylosis and other autoimmune diseases.
Mycoplasma have developed some unique methods of survival. They can modify their outer surface membranes, making it more difficult for the immune system to mount an attack. They can also develop antigens that mimic those of their host, causing confusion of the body’s normal immune response that leads to cross-reactivity and destruction of normal cells (as in rheumatoid arthritis). As discussed here, the role of Mycoplasma in the development of autoimmune disease is compelling.
How is Mycoplasma diagnosed?
Diagnosis of Mycoplasma can be difficult. First, because a majority of people have been exposed to Mycoplasma at some point, doctors may not see a positive test result as having any significance. Second, even though PCR testing is an accurate testing method for Mycoplasma, it only tests for a small number of Mycoplasma species and is more accurate for acute rather than chronic, low-grade infections.
Further discussion of diagnostic and management approaches can be found here.
Summary:
Mycoplasma is a group of unique, very small bacteria that lack a cell wall. They cause a wide range of symptoms and can result in either acute or low-grade, chronic infections. They are transmitted readily via close contact, or by vectors such as ticks, mosquitos, or other biting insects. Immune dysfunction, such as that caused by Lyme disease, can predispose people to developing chronic, low-grade infections. Immune support is important in avoiding complications. Chronic Mycoplasma infection has been associated with the several autoimmune diseases.
Frequently Asked Questions about Mycoplasma
Can mycoplasma be transmitted through tick and insect bites?
While tick and insect bites are primarily associated with the transmission of other pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, there is limited evidence suggesting that certain Mycoplasma species may be transmitted through these bites. It is unclear whether mycoplasma is transmitted at the same time as Lyme Disease or is a result of Lyme Disease.
Which Mycoplasma species can be transmitted through tick and insect bites?
Mycoplasma species that have been occasionally associated with tick and insect bites include Mycoplasma fermentans and Mycoplasma pneumoniae. However, their role in human infection and transmission through bites is still not fully understood and requires further research.
What are the symptoms of mycoplasma infection from tick and insect bites?
The symptoms of mycoplasma infection resulting from tick and insect bites, if they occur, may be similar to those of other Mycoplasma infections. Common symptoms include respiratory symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and fever.
How is mycoplasma infection from tick and insect bites diagnosed?
Diagnosing mycoplasma infection specifically from tick and insect bites can be challenging. It usually requires a combination of clinical evaluation, medical history, and laboratory tests. These may include tests to detect specific antibodies against Mycoplasma species or molecular tests such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify the presence of Mycoplasma DNA in blood or tissue samples.
Can mycoplasma infection from tick and insect bites be treated?
Treatment for mycoplasma infection resulting from tick and insect bites follows similar principles as other mycoplasma infections. Antibiotics such as macrolides, tetracyclines, or fluoroquinolones may be prescribed depending on the specific Mycoplasma species and the severity of the infection. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and appropriate treatment.
How can I prevent mycoplasma infection from tick and insect bites?
The risk of mycoplasma infection specifically from tick and insect bites can be minimized by following general preventive measures:
Take precautions to prevent tick and insect bites, such as using insect repellents, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding tick-infested areas.
Conduct regular tick checks on yourself, family members, and pets after outdoor activities.
Properly remove ticks using tweezers or tick removal tools, following recommended techniques.
Be aware of the signs and symptoms of tick-borne diseases and seek medical attention if symptoms occur.
If you suspect you have a mycoplasma infection or have concerns about tick or insect bites, it is recommended to consult with a healthcare professional for accurate diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and further guidance.